Unveiling the impact of pipe materials on water hammer in pressure pipelines: an experimental and numerical study
Abstract Water hammer (WH) is a phenomenon characterized by the rapid opening or closing of valves or pumps in pipelines, resulting in a disruptive noise, intense vibrations, and potential damage to pipes, fittings, structures, and even human safety.While WH arresters are commonly employed to mitigate this issue in smaller plumbing systems, alterna